In graphic expressions, unless otherwise specified, the unit is millimeters.
Smoothness determination: Tools/Options/Display/Arc and Circle Smoothness is 20000. Note: Maximum value
Cancel the right-click function: the shortcut menu is not displayed in Tools/Options/User System Configuration/Drawing Area
Password Settings: Tools/Options/Open and Save/Security Options below
Object Snap Settings: Tools/Sketch Settings/Object Snap-Select All
UCS Icon Visibility: View/Display/UCS Icon/ (On/Off)
Relative coordinates: add @ in front
Relative Cartesian coordinate format: variable of @x, variable of Y
Relative polar coordinate format: @length<angle
The angle is the angle with the positive horizontal direction:
Horizontal right is "0" degrees, counterclockwise is positive, clockwise is negative
There are two types of sizes: shaped ruler and positioning ruler.
When drawing a straight line, U means undoing one step and C means closing. You can also press CTRL+Z to undo the previous operation.
Enable object snapping shortcut key (F3)
Orthogonal mode shortcut key (F8)
The F2 key switches between the command line window and the drawing window.
AutoCAD has no special requirements for color
Choose from three commonly used methods:
1) Drag the window to select from left to right. You must frame it to select it.
2) Drag the window from right to left to select. As long as it touches the object, it can be selected, and the objects included in it can also be selected.
3) Click
In AutoCAD operations, under normal circumstances, the right mouse button is equivalent to the Enter key.
After the operation is completed, right-click again to repeat the last operation.
Three-button mouse: Scroll the middle button outward to enlarge the window, and scroll inward to shrink the window.
Plane part 1
[Two-column toolbar, except text, tiles, and multi-lines]
Toolbar operations: Drawing toolbar (equivalent to Drawing menu)
Straight line (L): full name (line)
Specify two points on the screen to draw a straight line. Relative coordinates can also be used
Or when the orthogonal mode is turned on, directly give the actual distance and drag the mouse to control the direction.
Construction line (XL): full name (xline)
H is horizontal, V is vertical, O is offset, A is angle, B is an equal angle.
Polyline (PL): full name (pline)
First, specify a point on the screen, and then there will be corresponding prompts:
Specify the next point or [Arc(A)/Half-width(H)/Length(L)/Discard(U)/Width(W)]. Can be set as needed.
Among them, "arc" specifies the width and can draw an arc at any angle; "half width" refers to half the width of the polyline, that is, if the height line width is 10, then 5; "length" gives the corresponding value, and the corresponding length is drawn polyline; "abandon" refers to giving up an operation; "width" refers to the width of the polyline
Polygon (pol): full name (polygon)
The drawn polygon is a regular polygon, and the number of sides can be set by yourself.
E: Draw a polygon based on the sides. You can also draw a regular polygon based on the radius of the circle using circumcision and inscription.
Rectangle (REC): full name (rectang)
After clicking the rectangle tool, the following prompt appears:
Specify the first corner point or [Chamfer(C)/Elevation(E)/Fillet(F)/Thickness(T)/Width(W)]
Among them, "chamfering" means cutting off a little bit of the two sides at a 90-degree right angle. Become an oblique angle. "Elevation" is a spatial meaning that can be displayed in three views. Elevation is relative; "Fellet": means to invert the four right-angled sides into a rounded corner with a radius of X; "Thickness": a spatial meaning , can be expressed on the Z axis. "Width": The concept of plane space refers to the width of the four sides of the rectangle.
Arc (ARC or A): The default is 3 points to draw an arc, the arc direction is counterclockwise, and the radius of the optimal arc is a negative value. The following options are available in the drawing menu:
Starting point, circle center, endpoint;
Starting point, circle center, angle;
Starting point, circle center, length;
Starting point, endpoint, angle;
Starting point, endpoint, direction;
Starting point, end point, radius;
center, starting point, endpoint;
Center point, starting point, angle;
Circle center, starting point, length;
Circle (C) full name (circle)
The default is the center radius [diameter] to draw a circle. There are options in the drawing menu: two points, three points, tangent radius, tangent circle.
Revcloud is used for marking (not important)
The full name of spline curve (SPL): (pline)
After confirming each point with the left button, press Enter three times: the first time to disconnect, the second time to start tangent direction, and the third time to end tangent direction.
Ellipse (EL) full name (ellipse)
uncommonly used. Give the total length of the major axis first, then give half of the minor axis. Or draw in the center: give half to the long and short axes.
Ellipse arcs are less commonly used. Used to draw elliptical arcs
Point (P) full name (point)
You cannot right-click a tool to confirm exit. To exit, you can only press the ESC key. The following drawing operations are available:
Format: point style
For the dot size, 10% relative to the screen ratio is more appropriate.
The icons outside are equivalent to multiple points. During the operation, press ESC to exit.
Single click: In the drawing menu, click once to exit.
Definite equal division of points (DIV): divide an object into N equal parts through points
Point equidistant division (ME): marks an object according to how long a point is
For the equal division of a closed path, N equal divisions are equal to N points; for the equal division of an open path, N equal divisions are divided into N-1 points.
Note: The operation of point is different from the operation of other tools. After exiting, you can return to the last desired operation by repeating the last operation. This is different from other drawing tools with cascading menus.
Pattern fill (BH) full name (batch)
Must be a closed object to fill
Starting with AR, there are more architectural aspects.
ANSI American National Standard
ISO International Organization for Standardization standards
Be sure to click preview ESC or right click to return
Editing Section Lines: Modification II: Second Icon
After profile filling, MA can be characteristically matched without decomposition
Try not to decompose the fill pattern to facilitate editing
Three advanced settings for hatches:
External meaning, which area to click and which area to fill
Note: Ignore the padding and ignore it inward. The calculation method is inward calculation.
Region (REG) full name (region)
Premise: closed bodies connected end to end, which leads to the concept of point, line and surface bodies.
Convert a closed object connected end to end from a wireframe into a surface to achieve line-to-surface conversion. It will be a little slow the first time
Extended to Boolean operations: call up the entity editor, there are three forms of Boolean operations: union, difference, and intersection. Boolean operations can only be performed on areas.
Modify the toolbar:
Delete (E) full name (erase)
Used to delete objects, click Delete and enter ALL on the command line to delete all objects in the drawing area; the default is to delete the selected object.
Copy (CO) full name (copy)
Used to copy objects, the default is to copy the selected object; specify the base point to move the copied object to another location. Actual size movement is possible: three situations: copy only once, copy multiple times, copy distance, copy relative coordinates
Mirror (MI) full name (mirror)
Used to copy an object that is symmetrical to the source object. The default is to specify two points to determine a mirror line. Features: Corresponding points are bisected vertically
mirrtext (mirror variable control command): Give 1 a complete mirror, 0 a graphic mirror, and no text mirror.
Offset (O) full name (offset)
To realize the offset of the object, first give the size and then offset. After the offset is completed, press the right button to exit.
Array (AR) full name (array) key contents
There are two types of arrays to implement objects: rectangular array and circular array; prompts in the form of a dialog box:
Rectangular array: Set n rows and m columns, and then give the row offset value and column offset value, divided into four quadrants
Circular array: First determine the three elements: center point, total number of items, and fill angle. There are three options.
Move (M) full name (move)
To realize the movement of objects, the actual size can be operated
Control extended to pinch points
Rotation (RO) full name (rotate)
To realize the rotation of the object, refer to rotation and free rotation; orthogonal opening is calculated based on 90 degrees.
Scale (SC) full name (scale)
Realize the scaling of objects, the default is proportional scaling, application changes of object properties, application of R reference
Stretch (S) full name (stretch)
It must be selected from right to left, and only part of it can be selected. Selecting one point means operating on one point. Selecting two points means operating on two points. Selecting all points is equivalent to moving the tool. Divided into accurate stretching and random stretching, refer to stretching
Trim (TR) full name (trim)
Used to trim objects, how to operate, click the trim tool and right-click once to confirm. Then use the left button to trim, the technical operation: (one-time trimming) point trimming, select the dividing line, confirm, enter F, then select two points, draw a straight line, select it, and all will be trimmed. Independent line segments cannot be trimmed.
Space trimming: Select trimming, right-click, and enter P (projection). There are two options, N, which must be truly intersected, U projection to the XY plane for trimming, and V current view projection trimming.
Extend (EX) full name (extend)
Used to extend an object, first select the extension boundary, confirm and then select the extended object.
Break at the point (BR) full name (break)
To interrupt an object at one point, select the object with the left button and click the object directly with the left button. The point you click will be used as the break point. This is inaccurate and basically useless.
Break (BR) full name (break)
Breaking an object at two points is inaccurate and has basically no application.
The full name of chamfer (CHA) (chamfer)
Remove a certain distance from each side of the object; there are the following tips:
(Trim mode) Current chamfer distance 1 =0.0000, distance 2 = 0.0000
Select the first line or [Polyline(P)/Distance(D)/Angle(A)/Trim(T)/Method(M)/Multiple(U)]
"Polyline" refers to operating on a whole object, such as a rectangle, where four sides can be inverted at one time;
"Distance" sets the distance of chamfering, the first edge and the second edge; "Angle" sets the chamfering by angle; "Trim" determines the chamfering mode and whether to trim; "Method" determines the chamfering mode. Method, whether to chamfer by distance or angle; "Multiple" can be used if there are multiple identical chamfers.
Fillet (F) full name (fillet)
To round the angle formed by two sides of an object into a rounded corner, there are the following tips:
Current settings: Mode = Trim, Radius = 0.0000
Select the first object or [Polyline(P)/Radius(R)/Trim(T)/Multiple(U)]
"Polyline" refers to operating on a whole object, such as a rectangle, where all four sides can be rounded off at one time; "Radius" sets the radius of the rounded corner; "Trim" sets the rounding mode; "Multiple Line" sets the rounding mode; " can be used when there are multiple identical rounds
The full name of decomposition (X) (explode)
Decompose a whole object into multiple independent objects, that is, decompose it into lines; if you want to decompose an entity into lines, you need to decompose it twice, that is, decompose the body into surfaces and then decompose the surfaces into lines.
Plane part 2
Template file production (DWT file) sets the drawing environment and saves it
How to make AUTOCAD graphics into pictures: file/output optional .wmf/ .bmp
In the 2002 version, the background must be changed to white. After 2004, there is no need to change the background color.
Word:
Single line: DT, you must press Enter when inputting a single line. In this case, the right key cannot be equal to Enter.
Multi-line: T or MT (new toolbar)
Font selection:
Chinese characters: Song style, Song style. The default font (txt) is generally not commonly used.
It is recommended to use the simplex.shx font for standard text (simplex.shx does not recognize Chinese characters, nor does txt.shx)
Engineering text: Select the simplex.shx font, check the large font, and select the gbcbig.shx font to enter Chinese characters and numbers.
Input of five special symbols:
Diameter symbol (%%C), plus and minus sign (%%P), degree (%%D), %%u<content>%%u underline, %%O<content>%%O
Add underline, you can add underline and underline at the same time
Text veneer:
The text should be tilted 30 degrees. When veneering, the right side should be tilted to the right, and the upper and left sides should be tilted to the left.
When typing again, the last text entered will be selected and can be ignored.
Block: (B, W) full name (block and WBLOCK)
1. Block production
1). The icon on the toolbar is equivalent to inputting B. The blocks produced in this way only exist in the current file and cannot be replaced between blocks. They can be called through the design center CTRL+2.
2) Use W to make tiles. This tile can be placed in a specified directory and can be easily called, and the tiles can be replaced with each other.
2. Insertion of tiles:
1) Insert----block, browse and find the block name
2), minsert can realize array insertion of tiles
3. Replacement of tiles, steps:
1). Enter -i on the command line and press Enter.
2). Replaced block name = replaced block name, press Enter
3) Enter Y and press Enter to confirm the block redefinition and realize the replacement.
4) Press the ESC key to cancel inserting blocks and only implement block replacement.
4. Definition of attributes:
Attributes are information attached to the block. They must be combined with the block to realize their own functions. When inserting the block, you will be prompted for information input.
Attachment: To determine the block replacement path, after determining the directory where the block is placed, go to Tools/Options/File/Support the search path of the project file, and click "Add" to find the directory where the block is stored. Only when the search directory meets the requirements can tile replacement be implemented.
Definition of block properties:
Drawing-Block-Define Properties
Edit attributes (text operations on defined attributes)
If you specify a point on the screen, the entry of attributes will be displayed in the equation of the command. If you insert it at the origin, it will prompt you in the form of a dialog box.
Tile example:
Additional note: If the file itself is lost and you want to use the backup file, you can directly change the extension of the backup file to .dwg.
Multi-line (ml) Multi-line editing (mledit)
Architectural drawings are generally divided into two categories: architectural construction drawings and interior decoration drawings.
To import the multi-line icon: right-click on any floating toolbar-Toolbar-Customize-Command-Draw-Multi-line
Multi-line width control, the default width is 1. Because N times 1 is N.
The number of multi-line lines can be changed: Format - Multi-line style When drawing architectural drawings, the multi-line is generally set to three.
Multi-line proportion control - for
The thickness of the wall. The general ratio is: 120 240 360 480 etc.
There is an alignment setting when drawing multiple lines: there are three alignment methods - top, bottom, and none. Select "None" while drawing. The mouse is centered. Up and down are generally not used.
Multiple lines cannot be trimmed without exploding. (Note: It cannot be recovered after it explodes!)
After the building wall is completely drawn and sorted, the middle line can be deleted. Utilize: Tools-Quick Selection-Color Selection
If you can't select by color. Two reasons. First: The color code is incorrect. Second: Multi-line is not decomposed.
The size of doors and windows in buildings: Windows generally have sizes of 1.5X1.2X0.12, etc. Doors generally have 0.04X0.9X2.0, unit: meters)
There is another way to draw architectural drawings - if all the dimensions of your apartment are measured inside the house, use a ruler. Then draw the interior walls first. Then use offset to do it.
Application of layers: (mainly assigning objects)
Opening and closing of layers: All layers can be opened or closed; layers are not displayed or drawn, but participate in calculations.
Freezing of layers: The current layer cannot be frozen, but other layers can be frozen.
Locking of layers: Objects in a locked layer cannot be deleted, but graphics can be drawn in it.
Graphics that have not been modified can be changed as the layer is transferred.
Objects contained in a layer cannot be deleted. If you want to delete it, you must first delete the content in the layer before deleting it.
The 0 layer cannot be deleted, and the definition point layer cannot be deleted. The current layer cannot be deleted.
Classification of layers:
Architecture: House type, furniture, labels, each room
Mechanical: dotted lines, dotted lines, graphics, annotations
General layer settings:
Drawing, text, dotted lines, dashed lines, picture frames, annotations
Note: Single line loading: dotted lines represent invisible lines, dotted lines represent symmetrical lines, and adjustment of line type proportions
Note: If you want to select all objects on a layer: Tools-Quick Selection-Layer
Title bar Small 110 Large 180
Give 7 or 8 mm between rows
Title bar content: design, drawing, review, approval, standardization, drawing title, scale, drawing number, drawing frame, view, etc.
The use of some auxiliary functions in AutoCAD:
Query function:
Calculation of area: If multiple lines are drawn, one must be drawn using the boundary first. Then do the calculations.
The first calculation of the area of regular graphics: Tools - Query - Area and then find it point by point.
Calculate the area of the second irregular shape: Tools-Query-Area Then enter "O"
Calculate the increase or decrease in area: first use the addition mode to calculate, and then use the subtraction mode to calculate.
Distance: Only the distance of straight line segments can be calculated.
Calculation of arc distance: You can use the properties to check the arc length. Another option is "query" --- "list display".
Note: Handle: It is a codename given internally by the computer, there is no identical one.
The representation of the arc length label: Generally, an arc is artificially added to the label.
Mass Calculation: A property of area or mass, calculated in milligrams. The default density is calculated as the density of water
CAL: Calculator
Point coordinates: (Absolute coordinates can be viewed using object properties)
Time: The time when the file was opened can be queried
Automatic save: Tools - Options - Open and Save Command: savetime
Use the PE command (open path) to become a whole Format: PE Select the object Right-click J [Closed path becomes a whole]
Three methods: PE, area, boundary
Passwords can be added in AutoCAD: security options, status, and many other items are listed.
Fill (system variable indicating whether to fill in or not) can be entered: ON, OFF.
Re (refresh the screen)
The system variable (filedia) of whether a dialog box appears when opening a file is set to "0". If there is no dialog box, if it is set to "1", there will be a dialog box.
Sketch [freehand line (meaning of sketch)]
Odd and even filling of Solid graphics: odd points are connected to odd points. Even points are connected to even points (no use)
Trace (rarely used)
Ray ray donut ring
ltscale abbreviation for linear scale (control of overall linear scale)
Capture of mid point, CEN center point, tan tangent point, etc.
Application of hyperlink CTRL+K. Insert - Hyperlink Hyperlinks can be copied. Opens the right-click menu when using a hyperlink.
Annotation: Annotation proportion is an important content of plane graphics. [with markup toolbar]
Line labeling: The default is to find the first point and then the second point. You can click the right mouse button once and a small square will appear, which can be easily marked. The marked data are the variables of X and the variables of Y.
Alignment: Distances marked are true dimensions.
Coordinates: When labeling coordinates, you must first turn on the orthogonal function. The coordinate value marked in the horizontal direction is the coordinate value of the Y axis (absolute coordinate value). The coordinate value marked in the vertical direction is the coordinate value of the X axis (absolute coordinate value).
Note: The origin of the coordinate system can be changed freely.
Radius, diameter: used to mark the radius and smuggling of circles and arcs.
Arc: The most commonly used dimension is radius. Circle: Available radius or diameter. casual.
Angle: Infinitely long lines cannot be angled.
Baseline labeling: It can only be used if there is a label; the left point of the first label is based on the left side, and the right point of the first label is based on the right side.
Continuous labeling: There is also a prerequisite. Then mark back one by one.
Leading line: Lead a line to facilitate dimensions that cannot be marked. If you want the leader line to move the label text, it will not affect the leader line. After drawing the lead, press the Esc key.
Tolerance: The amount of tolerance can be determined based on actual experience or by consulting the manual. Geometric tolerance: (shape, position tolerance) (Note: There is a book specifically introducing tolerance. You can buy the textbook and read it yourself) Tolerance cannot be decomposed. Belongs to the external reference category. If you want to modify it, you can edit the text to modify it.
Circle center mark: Add a mark on the center of the circle, the default size is a radius of 2.5 mm
Tilt: Tilt the label, and give the tilt angle after selecting it.
Align text: There are five options including: (default, angle, left, center, right)
Style: The style of the label can be changed.
Dimension style:
The following buttons are available on the home page of the Dimension Style dialog box:
Set as current: Set a dimension style as current.
New: Create a new dimension style.
Modify: Modify the dimension style options. Modify directly to change all the annotations in this picture
Replacement: Replace some options in the current dimension style with other options. However, the labeled objects are not changed.
Compare: Compares the options in two dimension styles. List the different options. (A dialog box will pop up.)
Click the New button to enter the next dialog box. The tabs inside are:
New style name: Specify the new style name
Basic new style: Which annotation style will be used as the basic style.
Used for: Used for all annotations or...
After filling in, click to continue to the next step of setting the new annotation style.
The next-level dialog box entered by clicking Modify and Substitute is the same: the tabs are:
Lines and Arrows: In this tab, changes are made to the properties of the labeled lines and arrows.
Text: This tab is used to edit the label text properties.
Adjustment: Adjust some settings of the annotation. The focus is: global proportion
Main unit: Set the labeling unit and labeling accuracy. and the marked scale factor (Note: the scale factor cannot be changed at will.)
Conversion unit: If checked. The marked conversion unit will be displayed. (conversion before metric millimeters and feet inches)
Tolerance: Set the tolerance. Generally not used.
Note: The control of annotation proportion: that is, the control of global proportion. If the frame is enlarged N times, the global scale will be N times.
On the contrary, if the frame is reduced by 1/N, the global scale will be given to the surface by 1/N.
Tolerance symbol: Formula for PR:
Basic: Dimension H Tolerance Height S Upper Deviation ^ Lower Deviation
Note: H and S must be capitalized.
1:1 graphics: H can be set between 1.25-1.5.
For 1:N graphics: H is set to between 1.25N-1.5N.
For 1:N graphics, the global scale is set to N. Same settings on the contrary.
As long as the drawing is accurate, it must be drawn according to the actual size. The graph frame can be enlarged N times to frame the graph. Then the graphics ratio is 1:N.
Update: Update the annotation, no application
Update associated annotations: Update associated annotations, no application
The label line and text are a whole. To move the label text, the label must be decomposed and then moved.
Or use text alone to enter.
If the text is piled together after marking, you can explode it and then move it to adjust its position.
The multiplication sign in mathematics can be replaced by a capital "X" in the annotation.
Isometric view
Three View:
The plane, elevation and sides are perpendicular to each other.
The front is used as the main view, and the left view can only be used after the main view is determined. Whichever side has more parameters will generally be designated as the main view, and then other views.
Three-view structure:
The front view and the top view are aligned in length
The main view and the left view are flush with each other
The top view and the left view have the same width.
Chinese standard: the left view is placed on the right and the right view is placed on the left.
Graphics generally consist of four views:
1. Normal orthographic view
2. Full cross-section view
3. Half-section view
4. Partial cross-section view
Two ways of drawing graphic expressions:
First angle drawing method
third angle drawing
Axonometric drawing
Axonometric drawing definition:
1. Enter the isometric drawing system: Tools - Sketch Settings - Snapping and Grid - Select "Isometric Snapping".
2. During the process of drawing an isometric drawing, under normal circumstances, the orthogonal mode is turned on, and offset and mirroring cannot be used directly. The F5 key can cycle through up, right, and left. For points shared by three sides, the angle difference between the straight lines formed by the corner points is 120 degrees. The three sides are perpendicular to each other. During the drawing process, the three sides must be continuously switched to form a three-dimensional space plane and three-dimensional figure.
3. Axonometric drawing expresses the three-dimensional structure through plane graphics. The circle in the axonometric drawing system must be drawn through an ellipse. After clicking the ellipse icon, enter I, determine the center of the circle, and then give the radius to draw an isometric circle.
4. The chamfering of the axis side view can be performed directly; when rounding, the center of the fillet must be determined, the axis side circle drawn, and the chamfering formed by trimming.
5. Annotation of axonometric drawings: For the annotation of straight lines, generally use "Align" to mark, and then apply "Annotation", "--" and "Incline". After marking, enter the official negative 30 degrees according to the direction to form a marking veneer. , the labeling of circles and arcs must be self-made.
Orientation of axonometric drawing:
Up north, down south, left west, right east (view of the view, southwest from 45 degrees).
Some tips for drawing axial side charts:
Drawing of threads:
Drawing of explosion diagram:
Drawing of regular polygons in axonometric drawings: use the fixed number of equal points to do it
Rounding and chamfering of axonometric drawings:
There are three types of rounding and chamfering in AutoCAD: planar, axonometric, and three-dimensional.
The chamfering of the axonometric drawing is controlled by D and can be chamfered directly.
Rounding: It cannot be done directly. It must be done with an ellipse. Find the center of the circle and draw the ellipse, and then trim it.
Marking method: After marking, mark again - tilting at plus or minus 30 degrees. Marking of circles and ellipses must be done with leading lines.
An axonometric drawing is a quasi-three-dimensional figure; a three-dimensional figure is a quasi-axonometric figure
Decompose three-dimensional graphics into two parts: first, the body is divided into surfaces, and then the surfaces are divided into lines.
Drawing of accurate dimensional axonometric drawings
For the tangent between the big circle and the small circle in the axonometric drawing, first find the tangent point, draw it and then extend it, then connect it, find the midpoint, and draw another one.
one point perspective
two point perspective
Oblique axonometric drawing
3D part
UCS: User Coordinate System
WCS: Word (world) Coordinate (coordinate) System (system)
UCS type:
1. The origin UCS can place the origin of the coordinate system without changing the directions of the X, Y, and Z axes.
2. Z-axis vector UCS: The first point determines the origin, and the second point determines the positive direction of the Z-axis.
3.3-point UCS: The first point is the origin, the second point is the positive direction of the X-axis; the third point is the positive direction of the Y-axis.
4. X/Y/Z axis rotation UCS: Looking from the origin to the positive direction of the fixed axis, counterclockwise is negative and clockwise is positive. Rotation means that two axes rotate to the third axis by the same angle at the same time.
5. Surface UCS: Quickly place the X and Y planes on the selected plane. The reference surface can only be a plane, and UCS cannot be placed on a curved surface.
6. Object UCS: Mainly for the X and Y planes, that is, using the object to rotate the X and Y axis directions in the X and Y planes;
It means that the direction of the XY axis changes when the XY plane does not deviate from the original plane. A point is the positive direction of the X axis, and the end point closest to this point is the origin.
7. View UCS, regardless of the direction of the X, Y, and Z axes of the current UCS, the view UCS can place X in the horizontal direction and Y in the vertical direction, so that the mutual unification of views between different files can be utilized.
Note: In AutoCAD modeling, the important content is the continuous switching of the view space and the flexible application of UCS, mainly solid modeling, and the surface modeling function of AutoCAD is weak.
Operations of the 3D menu:
View: (the following views are available under the view menu)
Six plan views: top view, bottom view, left view, right view, front view (also known as front view), and rear view
Four isometric views: southwest isometric view, southeast isometric view, northeast isometric view, and northwest isometric view; these four views all look at the graphics from a 45-degree diagonal.
Camera view: A view defined by two points; looking from the first point to the second point.
Entity toolbar:
Drawing of 3 basic systems (cuboid, sphere, cylinder), cone, wedge and ring
Stretch modeling: (Premise: it must be a closed body connected end to end) The default operation is to give a height or a stretch angle. The stretch angle is defined: the positive value becomes smaller and smaller, and the negative value becomes larger and larger; Stretching along the path: It must be perpendicular to the shape and can only be drawn on the X and Y planes. Example: making a chair, etc.
Rotation modeling: There are three parameters available, but they are generally not used. Basic operation: Determine an axis of rotation with two points. Examples: making bowls, drawing round tables, etc.
Sectioning: After selecting the object, the following prompt will appear:
Specify the first point on the cut surface according to [Object (O)/Z Axis (Z)/View (V)/XY Plane (XY)/YZ Plane (YZ)/ZX Plane (ZX)/Three Points (3) ]<Three o'clock>
"Object" uses an object (circle, ellipse, arc, two-dimensional spline or two-dimensional polyline) to cut the solid; "Z-axis" uses a point on the Z-axis (normal direction) of the plane to cut the solid Body; "View" is to specify three points on the entity in the view to cut the entity; "XY Plane" uses the XY plane to cut the entity; "YZ Plane" uses YZ
plane to cut the entity; "ZX plane" uses the ZX plane to cut the entity; "three points" specifies three points to determine a plane to cut the entity (three points form countless faces on a straight line)
Cutting: The same operation as sectioning, but the difference is that cutting does not divide the entity, but forms a plane at the split point; it is equivalent to sectioning, only extracting the section instead of actually cutting the object.
Interference: It is a calculation of two objects, which is equivalent to intersection, that is, the original object is not deleted.
Shading toolbar:
Two-dimensional wireframe: Place a graphic in two dimensions and display it in a wireframe
3D wireframe: Display a graphic as a wireframe in a 3D view
Hiding: Hide invisible lines in three-dimensional wireframe graphics
Plane coloring: generally used on cubes, the coloring plane is not smooth
Volume shading: widely used, the shading plane is very smooth
Bordered flat shading: shading with a border
Bordered body coloring: coloring with a border
Entity editing toolbar:
Union: Combine two or more regions into one region.
Difference set: Prerequisite: There must be two or more surface areas; use the second surface area to subtract the part that intersects the first surface area together with the second surface area.
Intersection: Keep the intersection of two or more fields and delete the other parts.
Extension surface: After selecting the tool, select the surface to be stretched. You can enter the height or stretch along the path; right-click twice to exit.
Move the surface: You can move the surface; select the surface to be moved and then move it; right-click twice to exit.
Offset surface: The offset of the surface: the positive value becomes larger and larger, and the negative value becomes smaller and smaller; the offset of the hole: the negative value hole increases, and the positive value hole becomes smaller.
Delete faces: perform operations for rounding, chamfering, and drilling
Rotate the surface: You can rotate the surface by a specified angle along an axis.
Inclined plane: The specified first point is the origin of the inclined axis; the first point tilts toward the second point at a specified angle.
Copy a surface: You can copy a surface, and the copied surface can be stretched.
Colored surface: The color of a certain surface can be changed for marking.
Copy edge: copy an edge
Color edge: color an edge
Imprint: Just press a mark on the entity and press Esc twice to exit. After imprinting, the area can be manipulated
Clear: The imprinted marks can be brushed away.
Split: Two non-intersecting solid objects can be separated by splitting.
Shelling: The default operation is to turn an entity into a box. Which face is clicked will be deleted. Which line is clicked will delete the two faces related to this line. Use the -ALL-A parameter. Example: Production of tee and four-way pipes.
Check: Check whether the object is a valid 3D entity. Basically no application.
Surface operations:
2D Fill: Specify four points. Fill mode: one or three points connected, two or four points connected.
Three-dimensional surface: Specify three points to determine a surface. The effect can be seen after coloring. Example: Drawing of a five-pointed star.
Three-dimensional surface: Prompt in the form of a dialog box, the following surface can be drawn:
Cuboid surface, pyramid surface, wedge surface, upper hemisphere, sphere, cone, torus, lower hemisphere, grid.
Edge operations: Hide the intersecting edges of two three-dimensional surfaces
Three-dimensional grid: determine how many points form a surface
surftab1, surftab2: Control of three-dimensional mesh parameters. Just give it more than 30. Set the smoothness of the rotating surface.
Translate the surface: The left side of the point on the path is translated and stretched to the right, and the right side of the point is stretched to the left.
Ruled surface: A surface formed by two straight lines or curves.
Boundary surface, must be four objects that can form a boundary surface
All options for 3D bevel are no longer available. Base surface, first surface chamfer L application
Rounding (the following parameters are not available) Rounding with three different radii
Application of C application chain: production of ashtray
3D operations:
Three-dimensional mirroring: Mirror using one surface as a reference. The default is to use three points for mirroring, which is also the most commonly used.
3D Array: Array of space with two options (rectangular array, circular array). Rectangular arrays form a box; circular arrays rotate about an axis.
Three-dimensional rotation: Use two points to determine an axis for rotation. (Example: Making of chairs.)
Alignment: One-point alignment, equivalent to aligned movement; Two-point alignment: Align the target object and the reference object at two points, and you can choose whether to scale the object; Three-point alignment: Align the target object and the reference object at three points.
Rendering toolbar: (weak function) can be explained using user diagrams.
Rename: Some objects can be renamed.
Chapter 5: Printing and Advanced Customization
Print: Print in the model view, create a new print style sheet: File - Print - New - Set in the dialog box
Basic line width settings in the printer: laser printer: red line: 0.2; white line: 0.4
Layout printing: The first item of the view menu: settings are available. Applications of the viewport toolbar: the first item is cabinet-shaped viewport, the second item is polygonal viewport, the third item is to convert objects into viewports, and the fourth item is to viewport Clipping of the viewport; to create a new viewport, you must first delete the content inside it. Layouts can also be created;
Graphics unit settings: Format-Units
The base direction is east
Thickness: Format - Thickness, generally not used; Graphic Boundary: The size of the drawing can be set
Functions of the buttons under the status bar:
Capture: It is determined for the grid and is basically not used.
Grid: Grid points can be set. Useful when capturing and opening. Basically not used
Orthogonal: When turned on, generally only horizontal and vertical straight lines can be drawn.
Polar axis: the angle can be set, basically not used
Object snap: used to capture special points. Used more widely.
Object Tracking: Tracking can be displayed from a specific angle
Setting the line width: This is not an advisable method. Learn to use color to distinguish graphics instead of line width.
Import into MAX: In file-import in MAX, select the dwg file type.
Find and Replace: Edit - Find
External reference: Insert-External reference (used more by large companies, suitable for overall control)
Usage of OLE objects:
Raster images: importing and modifying images
autocad installation directory sampledesigncenter: use of design center
Point filtering is equivalent to extracting X, that is, filtering X
Usage of backup files: Change the extension to .dwg
Tools - Options - Open and Save - Security options can encrypt the file and save it in 2004 format before it has a password.
Drawing of expanded graph: Expand a graph.
Drawing of intersecting lines: line segments shared by two entities when they intersect
Drawing of perspective drawing: the relationship between parallel lines - divergent projection - intersecting at one point, you can draw a perspective drawing
Making shortcut keys:
Format: shortcut keys letters or numbers or a combination of both, *, the full name of the English command
For example:
1,*lime: Indicates that input "1" can draw a straight line
2,*circle means entering "2" can draw a circle
sj,*mline means that sj can draw multiple lines
Input of the above content: Tools menu - Customize - Edit custom file - Program parameters, add the control operation text in the above format to this file. After the setting is completed, close AutoCAD and reopen the program to take effect.
In terms of file size: for the same graphic, the 2004 version is 30% smaller than the 2002 version.
Some basic size conversions:
1 inch(1in)=25.4mm
1 foot(1ft)=30.5cm
1 yard (1yd)=0.914m
1 mile(1mile)=1.61km
1 international nautical mile (1nmile)=1852m
Creation of text line types
This feature was available in AutoCAD 8.0.
Line control information: (as shown in the figure)
Production of slideshow: (picture)
Menu production: (as shown in the picture)
Making a floating toolbar:
User Defined – User Defined Button – Just set it up.
Icon production:
Any toolbar - right-click - Customize - if you want to create or modify the icon of a tool, just click it.
Commonly used system variables and functions
1. pickbox and cursorsize: These two variables are used to control the size of the cross cursor and the pick box. Their sizes can be modified appropriately when drawing to suit our visual requirements. The default value of pickbox is 3, and the value range is 0~32767; the default value of cursorsize is 5, and the value range is 1~100.
2. aperture: used to control the size of the target area of Object SNAP. When performing object capture, the larger the value, the more distant the object can be captured. When the graphics lines are dense, it should be set Set it smaller; otherwise, set it larger for easier operation. The default value is 10, and the value range is 1 to 50.
3. ltscale and celtscale: global line type ratio factor and local line type ratio factor, used to control the output ratio of discontinuous line types (that is, the length of short lines and the spacing of spaces). The greater the value of this variable, the greater the spacing. . Among them, ltscale is valid for all objects, and celtscale is only valid for new objects. For a certain object: line type ratio = ltscale * celtscale. The default value of these two variables is 1, and the value is a positive real number.
4. surftab1 and surftab2: used to control the number of longitude and latitude lines of the three-dimensional mesh surface. The larger the value, the denser the generated lines of the graphics and the more accurate the display. The default value is 6, and the value range is 2 to 32766.
5. isolines: Three-dimensional entity display grid line control. The larger the value, the more grid lines and the more accurate the display. The default value is 4, and the value range is 0~2047
6. Facetres: Used to control the edge generation density of the surface of a three-dimensional entity during hiding and rendering. The larger the value, the smoother the generated image. The default value is 0.5, and the value range is 0.01~10.
Note: When the values of isolines and facetres are too large, graphics generation, blanking or rendering will take longer.
The system variable is QTEXTMODE:
Type: integer
Save in: Graphics
Initial value: 0
Control how text is displayed. 0 - Turn off "Quick Text" mode; display characters; 1 - Turn on "Quick Text" mode; display text outline instead of text.
